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PART 1 DISTINCTION BETWEEN TRANSITIVE VERBS AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
1. Two different forms of Japanese verbs
The statement in this site is limited roughly to original Japanese - not
Chinese -Japanese
.An original Japanese verbs generally have two types.In other words,its
transitive type and intransitive type are
slightly different.Transitive verbs can take objects such as"biiru-o no-mu(drink beer)" and intransitive verbs
can not take objects such as "i-ku(go)".
kowa-su → Someone breaks a thing. - transitive verb ( v.t. )
koware-ru → A thing breaks by itself. - intransitive verv( v.i. )
But the so-called Chinese-Japanese verbs such as "denwa-suru(=phone)"can serve both as transitive and
intransitive verbs.Such verbs almost always take "suru" ending.
Chinese-Japanese verbs consist of two Chinese characters.It is,of course,difficult for you to make a distinction
between original Japanese and Chinese -Japanese only from pronunciation.
Some original Japanese verbs are used for both transitive and intransitive.
EX.. mado-o ake-ru (=open the window) - v.t.
yo-ga ake-ru (=the day breaks) - v.i.
me-o hira-ku (=open eyes) - v.t.
hana-ga hira-ku (=flowers bloom) - v.i.
sukima-o fusa-gu (=fill up an opening) - v.t
ki-ga fusa-gu (=get depressed) - v.i.
kyuuryoo-o ma-su (=raise one's saraly) - v.t.
kyuuryoo-ga ma-su(=One's saraly rises) - v.i.
2. How to distinguish between transitive verbs and intransitive verbs?
（１） When the same root of a verb has either of the two endings "ru" and "su",the former makes an intransitive verb(v.i.) and the latter a transitive verb(v.t.) which can take an object.
EX. kae-ru (=come back;go home) - v.i. ta-ru (=be enough;be sufficient) - v.i.
kae-su (=give back;put back) - v.t. ta-su (=add) - v.t.
mawa-ru(=go around;turn around) - v.i. too-ru (=pass;go through) - v.i.
mawa-su(=turn;revolve) - v.t. too-su (=let.....pass;let.....through) - v.t.
nao-ru (=be repaired;get well) - v.i. utsu-ru(=move to;transfer) - v.i.
nao-su (=repair;fix;cure) - v.t. utsu-su(=move a thing) - v.t.
noko-ru (=remain;stay) - v.i. wata-ru(=cross;go over) - v.i.
noko-su (=leave a thing) - v.t. wata-su(=hand over;deliver) - v.t.
NOTE:
The ending "su" and "suru" are sister endings.The latter is an only verb among the nine endings and
means "make" or "do" when used as a verb. From this you will be able to understand that the verbs of its sister ending "su" become transitive verbs.
(2) When two verbs of "ru" ending have the same roots except that one of the two roots ends in "a" like "hajima-ru
(=begin)" and the other ends in "e" like "hajime-ru(=begin)",the verb of the former root is an intransitive verb and that of the latter
root is a transitive verb.There are some like them among verbs of "ru" ending.
EX. aga-ru (=goup;rise) - v.i maza-ru (=be mixed with). - v.i.
age-ru (=put up;raise) - v.t. maze-ru (=mix;blend) - v.t.
azuka-ru (=keep;look after) - v.i. saga-ru (=go down;hang down;fall) - v.i.
azuke-ru (=trust;deposit) - v.t. sage-ru (=lower;pull down) - v.t.
butsuka-ru(=hit;collide) - v.i. shima-ru (=be closed;be tightened) - v.i.
butsuke-ru(=bump;fling) - v.t. shime-ru (=close;shut;tie) - v.t.
hajima-ru (=begin;open) - v.i. shizuma-ru(=become quiet) - v.i.
hajime-ru (=begin;start) - v.t. shizume-ru(=quiet;put down) - v.t.
hayama-ru(=be too hasty;be rash) - v.i. tama-ru (=gather;be saved) -v.i.
hayame-ru(=quicken;hasten) - v.t. tame-ru (=store;save;accumlate) - v.t.
kaka-ru (=hang on;be suspended) - v.i. toma-ru (=a car stops) - v.i.
kake-ru (=hang a thing) - v.t. tome-ru (=stop a car) - v.t.
kasana-ru(=be piled) - v.i. tsuma-ru (=be stuffed up) - v.i.
kasane-ru(=pile;stack) - v.t. tsume-ru (=stuff;pack;fill) - v.t.
maga-ru (=be bent) - v.i. yuda-ru (=be boiled) - v.i.
mage-ru (=bend;curve) - v.t. yude-ru (=boil) - v.t.
3. Intransitive verbs change into transitive verbs through SECTION 5
Refer to "NEWLY COINED WORDS THROUGH SECTION 5 AND SECTION 7" in SECTION 5,6 AND 7.
When original verbs are intransitive,we often can make their transitive
through SECTION 5 on the CARD.
[INTRANSITIVE] [SECTION 5] [transitive verb]
↓ ↓ ↓
tsu-ku → tsu-k(as)e-ru → tsuke-ru
(=arrive) (=make a thing arrive) (=attach a thing to)
i-ku → i-kase-ru
(=go) (=send a person or make go)
4. Transitive verbs change into intransitive verbs through SECTION 7
When original verbs are transitive,many of them are made into intransitive through SECTION 7 as follows:
[TRANSITIVE] [SECTION 7] [INTRANSITIVE]
↓ ↓ ↓
u-ru → u-r(ar)e-ru → ure-ru
(=sell) (=be sold) (=things sell)
ka-ku → ka-k(ar)e-ru → kake-ru
(=write) (=be written) (=The pen writes beautifully)
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PART 2 MOMENTARY AND NON-MOMENTARY VERBS
1. "momentary verbs" and "non-momentary verbs" whose
action can be continued
It is necessary to know the following characteristic or peculiarity of
Japanese verbs;that is,they are divided roughly into two groups,"momentary verbs" and "non-momentary verbs".Verbs whose action can be continued are called "non-momentary verbs" to distinguish them from "momentary verbs".
(1) Momentary verb
EX. Shinkansen-wa eki ni tsu-ite i-mas.
(a) The Shinkansen arrived andis at the station.
(b) The Shinkansen has arrived at the station.
The action"tsu-ku(=arrive)" is finished in a moment though "running" can be continued until a train arrives or stops.
After arriving,however,the train is "staying" or "has stayed" at the station.Therefore,the above Japanese sentence should be translated into English (b).
(2) Non-momentary verb
EX. Kodomo-tachi-wa kooen de aso-nde i-mas.
（c） The children played and are in the park.
(d) The children are playing in the park.
Grammatically,we might also be able to translate such a sentence like
(c). But when "i-mas"is suffixed to such a verb
as "aso-bu(=play)"whose action can be continued,it is used for continuation of the action.
That means (d) is right.
2. There are many momentary verbs in Japanese
It is not always easy to distinguish or define "momentary verbs" from "non-momentary verbs". But we notice how many "momentary verbs" there are in Japanese when we compare with Western languages.
In English,for example,"Kim has a handbag." means "A handbag stays with her."But the Japanese "mo-tsu", which
corresponds to "has",purports to be a momentary action of "holding up" and "not staying with her"In other words,
soon after holding something,you may put it down.This action is "mo-tsu" in Japanese and consequently,to express the same meaning as English "has",Japanese "mo-tsu(=hold up)" needs the help of "i-mas" or "i-ru" as follows:
EX. Kim has a handbag. → Kim-wa handbag-o mo-tte i-mas.
(holding) (be=is)
The followings are some useful momentary verbs:
de-ru (=go out;come out) oe-ru (=finish)
hajime-ru(=begin) shima-u(=finish)
i-ku (=go) toma-ru(=stop)
kae-ru (=return) tsu-ku (=arrive)
kuru (=come)
na-ru (=become)
NOTE:
"Shi-nu" is an only verb with "nu" ending. It is used "mu" column in every section by changing "mu" into "nu".Its conjugation is regular in any section except SECTION 1 in which it makes the same conjugation as verbs with "mu" ending, that is "shi-nde".
EX. Mushi-ga shi-ndei-mas. - SECTION 1
(died and)(is here)
(=An insect is dead. or An insect has died.)
Sono inu-wa shi-nanakatta-des. - SECTION 4
(=That dog did not die.)
3. Some other features of Japanese verbs
(1) Four kinds of infinitive verbs
EX. no-mu (=drink) - GENERAL INFINITIVE
no-mase-ru(=make one drink) - CAUSATIVE(SECTION 5)
no-me-ru (=be able to drink) - POTENTIAL(SECTION 6)
no-mare-ru(=be drunk) - PASSIVE(SECTION 7)
(2) Verbs used for some other parts of speech
InJapanese,there are not enough nouns,true adjectives,adverbs,postpositions
and conjunctions.this is why verbs are often used for them in the following
way:
(a) How to make nouns of verbs through SECTION 2
EX. hajime (=beginning) from hajime-ru(=begin)
haka-ri (=scales) from haka-ru (=measure)
hana-shi (=speech) from hana-su (=speak)
hiza-kake (=a lap robe) from kake-ru (=hang)
kawa-ri (=substitute) from kawa-ru (=change)
machiga-i (=mistake) from machiga-u(=make a mistake)
sake-no-mi(=a drinker) from no-mu (=drink)
odo-ri (=dance) from odo-ru (=dance)
odoro-ki (=surprise) from odoro-ku (=be surprised)
wara-i (=laughter) from wara-u (=laugh)
yasu-mi (=rest) from yasu-mu (=havea rest)
(b) Adjectival use of verbs through SECTION 1
ア. Simple past used for adjectives
We usually use simple past for adjectives through SECTION 1.
EX. juku-shta ringo(=a ripe apple) from juku-su (=ripen)
kawa-ita taoru(=a dry towel) from kawa-ku (=get dry)
koware-taisu (=a broken chair) from koware-ru(=be broken)
nure-ta kutsu (=wet shoes) from nure-ru (=get wet)
shime-tta kami(=moist paper) from shime-ru(=become damp)
yogore-ta te (=dirty hands) from yogore-ru(=get dirty)
Kono tomato-wa juku-shte i-mas.
(=This tomato is ripe.)
Masao-no kutsu-wa yogore-te i-mas.
(=Masao's shoes are dirty.)
(c) Adverbial use of verbs through SECTION 1
EX. iso-ide (=quickly) from iso-gu(=hurry)
ki-o tsuke-te(=carefully) from ki-o tsuke-ru(=be careful)
kima-tte (=regularly) from kima-ru(=be decided)
okure-te (=late) from(=okure-ru)
tsuzuke-te (=continuously) from tsuzuke-ru(=continue)
yoroko-nde (=delitedly) from yoroko-bu(=be delited)
(d) Use as postpositions of verbs through SECTION 1
EX. .....o too-tte (=through) from too-ru (=pass)
......ni tsui-te (=about) from tsu-ku (=stick)
.....ni kan-shte(=concerning) from kan-suru(=concern)
.....to shte (=as) from suru (=do)
.....ni tai-shte (=against) from tai-suru (=face)
(e)Use as conjunctions of verbs through SECTION 1
EX. .....ni shitaga-tte(=as) from shitaga-u(=follow)
.....ni tsure-te (=as) from tsure-ru (=accompany)
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PART 3 TENSE
As regards tense of a verb,there is much difference between Japanese and
Western languages.
1. Difference of type between English and Japanese
English Japanese
↓ ↓
(a) ・・・・ → tabe-yoo
(b) eat → tabe-ru
(c) ate → tabe-ta
(d) eaten → .・・・・・
REMARK:
A future type as above (a) "tabe-yoo(=tabe mashoo)" which English lacks.But there is no past participle as (d) "eaten" in Japanese.
The following show more details:
English Japanese
↓ ↓
(a) Future: will eat → tabe-yoo(=tabe mashoo)
tabe-ru(=tabe-mas)
(b) Present: eat → tabe-te i-ru(=tabe-te i-mas)
be eating
(c) General eat → tabe-ru(=tabe-mas)
Statemant: tabe-te i-mas - Not every case
(d) Past: ate → tabe-ta(=tabe-mashta)
(e) Present have eaten → tabe-ta(=tabe-mashta)
Perfect: tabe-te shimatta(=tabe-te shima-i-mashta)
tabe-te shima-tte i-ru(=tabe-te shima-tte i-mas)
(f) Past had eaten → tabe-te shima-tte i-ta(=tabe-te shima-tte i-mashta)
Perfect:
NOTE:
In case of present perfect and past perfect tense,for momentary verbs such as "die","arrive",etc.,we directly combine
"i-ru(=i-mas)" and "i-ta(=i-mashta)" as follows:
shi-nde i-ru or i-mas.(=have died;be dead)
tsu-ite i-ru or i-mas.(=have arrived)
shi-nde i-ta or i-mashta(=had died;was dead)
tsu-ite i-ta or i-mashta.(=had arrived)
2. I-mas and i-mashta
We have no definite form for past perfect.But as shown above "i-mashta" is often translated as the English past perfect.
EX. Eki nitsu-ita toki,densha-wa moo de-te(-shima-tte) i-mashta.
(=The train had already left when I arrived at the station.)
Arai-san-ga kita toki,shigoto-o oe-te(-shima-tte) i-mashta.
(=We had finished the work before Mr.Arai came.)
REMARK:
When any non momentary verbs or action verbs made into momentary vebs
by suffixing "shima-u(=finish)" take one of
the other helping verbs and particles such as "mashta","nasai",etc.,they become more emphatic than those original forms.
EX. Sara-o ara-i-mashta ka.
(=Did you wash the dishes?)
Sara-o ara-tte shima-i-mashta ka. - MORE EMPHATIC
(=Did you wash the dishes up?)
3. Compound sentence
(1) Regularity in Japanese
Japanese is a regular language,in other words,it hardly allows exception.Now look at the tense of English when the conjunction "after" is used.
EX. After I have finished the work,what shall I do?
[PRESENT PERFECT] [FUTURE]
(=Shigoto-o oe-te kara,nani-o shi mashoo ka.)
When "after(=kara)"is used in English,the present perfect is used for the clause it belongs to in spite of the fact that the total statemaent is future.
Of course,in Japanese,we must use past tense,which often covers present
perfect tense,for the above subordinate clause.
This is because,in the above sentence,"to finish the work" precedes( or happens before ) "to do" which is the verb of the principal clause.By this,we mean that we regard
the former as past tense in comparison with the latter regardless of the
actual tense.
As stated above,Japanese is a regular language,that is,once a rule is
set we must strictly follow it.Therefore,all other conjunctions such as
"if","when",etc. follow the example of "after" in that connection.
(2) Comparison of the following three cases
EX. If you write letters on the table,clean it well.
[SUBORDINATE CLAUSE] [PRINCIPAL CLAUSE]
(=Table de tegami-o ka-ku nara,yoku fu-ki nasai.)
[FUTURE] [ACTUAL TENSE]
When this action(=writing) of the subordinate clause happens after that(=cleaning)
of the principal clause,we use future form for the former;that is,"ka-ku nara".
If you write letters,you may use this dictionary.
[SUBORDINATE CLAUSE] [PRINCIPAL CLAUSE]
(=Tegami-o ka-ku nara,kono jisho-o tsuka-tte mo-ii-des.)
[FUTURE] [ACTUAL TENSE}
When this action(=writing) of the subordinate clause happens at the same time as that(=using) of the principal clause,we use future form;that is,"ka-ku nara".
If you write the letter,mail it soon.
[SUBORDINATE CLAUSE] [PRINCIPAL CLAUSE]
(=Tegami-o ka-ita nara ( or ra ),sugu da-shi nasai.)「PAST
[PAST] [ACTUAL TENSE]
When this action(=writing) of the subordinate clause happens before that(=mailing)
of the principal clause,we use past form for the former;that is,"ka-ita nara".
We can brief the above three examples as follows:
EX. If ( or When ) Mr.Aoki comes,you may have lunch with him.
Subordinate clause → Actual tense is not always used.
. If ( or When ) Mr.Aoki comes,・・・・・.
[PRESENT]
(=Aoki-san-ga kuru to ( or nara),・・・・・.)
[FUTURE]
(=Aoki-san-ga kita ra ( or nara ),・・・・・.)
[PAST]
Principal clause → Actual tense must be used
. You may have lunch with him.
(=Isshoni chuu-shoku-o tabe-te mo-ii-des.)
[ACTUAL TENSE]
(3) When(=toki);Until(=made);Before(=mae ni);As(=ni tsurete);Because(=kara);etc.
Concerning these conjunctions,we can say the samething as mentiond above
(2).
EX. When you send an e-mail to Mr.Noda,you may use this PC.
(=Noda-san ni e-mail-o oku-ru toki,kono paso-kon-o tsuka-tte mo-ii-des.)
[FUTURE] [ACTUAL TENSE]
The action(=sending) of the subordinate clause happens at the same time
as that(=using) of the principal clause.Therefore,
we must use future form for the former;that is,"oku-ru toki".
Until Mr.Nakano told me,I had no idea of it.
(=Nakano-san-ga hana-su made,sukoshi-mo shi-ri-masen-deshta.)
[FUTURE] [ACTUAL TENSE]
The action(=telling) of the subordinate clause happened aftr my "having no idea" had continued.Therefore,we use future form for the former;that is,"hana-su" made.
Because Ms.Abe told me,I could find it true.
(=Abe-san-ga oshie-ta kara,sore-ga hontoo to waka-ri-mashta.)
[PAST] [ACTUAL TENSE]
The ction(=telling) of the subordinate clause happened before that(=finding)
of the principal clauuse.Therefore,we must use past form for the former;that
si,"oshie-ta" kara.
(4) Compare the conjunctions of "before"and "after"
EX. Before I finished my work,Mr.Noda went home.
(=Watashi-ga shigoto-o oe-ru mae ni,Noda-san-wa kae-ri-mashta.)
[FUTURE] [ACTUAL TENSE]
After I finished my work,Mr.Noda went home.
(=Watashi-ga shigoto-o oe-ta ato de,Noda-san-wa kae-ri-mashta.)
[PAST] [ACTUAL TENSE]
4. Special tense
(1) "・・・SHOULD NOT HAVE DONE" ;"・・・MIGHT HAVE DONE"; "・・・WOULD HAVE DONE"
Refer to SECTION 1 "mo-ii-des(=may)"and "wa-ikemasen(=must not)"
EX. You should not have thrown away the papers.
(=Sono shorui-o sute-te wa-ikemasen.)
You might have used the CD player.
(=CDplayer-o tsuka-tte mo-yokatta-des.)
If you had told me beforehand,I would not have come.
(=Mae-ni i-tte kudasa-i-mashta nara,ki-masen-deshta deshoo( or ko-nakatta deshoo ).
By now Mr.Aoki should have arrived in Kyooto.
(=Moo Aoki-san-wa Kyooto ni tsu-ita-deshoo( or tsu-ite i-ru hazu-des ).
[SECTION3]
(2) "PAST TENSE + KOTO(-GA OR -WA) + A-RU" - EXPERIENCE
（One did) (that) (have)
"PRESENT TENSE + KOTO(-GA OR -WA) + A-RU" - SOMETIMES
（One does) (that) (have)
EX. Opera-o mi-ta koto-ga a-ri-mas ka.
(=Have you ever seen opera?)
Hai,a-ri-mas.(=Yes,I have.); Iie,a-ri-masen.(=No,I haven't.)
Anata-wa kimono-o ki-ru koto-ga a-ri-mas ka.
(=Do you sometimes wear a kimono?)
Hai,a-ri-mas.(=Yes,I do.).; Iie,a-ri-masen.(=No,I don't.)
(3) ・・・TOKORO DES; ・・・TOKORO E
EX. Hiru-gohan-o tabe-te i-ru tokoro des.
(=We are just eating lunch.)
Hiru-gohan-o tabe-ru tokoro des.
(=We are just going to eat lunch.)
Hiru-gohan-o tabe-ta tokoro( or bakari )des.
(=We have just finished eating lunch.)
Choodo dekake-ru tokoro e,Nakamura-san-ga ki-mashta.
(=I was just going out when Mr.Nakamura came.)
(4) TOKORO DE( Well; By the way )
Tokoro de,Tanaka-san-no jyuusho-o shi-tte i-mas ka.
(=By the way,do you know Mr.Tanaka's address?)
Tokoro de,sono-koto-wa doo na-ri-mashta ka.
(=Now,what has become of the matter?)
(5) ・・・to shte mo( Even if ・・・ )
Ima denwa-shta to shte mo( or tokoro de ),Abe-san-wa uchi ni i nai deshoo.
(=Even if you call him now,Mr.Abe won't be at home.)
Ima dekake-ta to shte mo( or tokoro de ),Ueda-san-ni a-u koto-wa deki-masen deshoo.
(=Even if you start now,you will not be able to see Ms.Ueda.)
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