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PART 5 { PLACE } + NI A-RU = DES ; { PLACE } + NI I-RU = DES
1. How can we substitute "des" for "ni a-ru" and "ni
i-ru"
In some cases,we can substitute "des" for "ni a-ru" and "ni i-ru".But you should notice that postposition "ni" must be involved.Otherwise,we can not substitute "des" for the two.
EX. Hon-wa tsukue ni a-ri-mas.. or Hon-wa tsukue des.
(=The book is on the desk.)
In the above example,we can understand that "tsukue(=desk)" and "ni(=on)" are indispensable and that "tsukue" must be combined immediately with "des" because it is most emphasized in this sentence while "ni" being involved in "a-ri-mas".Although we can substitute "des" for "ni a-ri-mas",its literal translation is as follows:
"Hon-wa tsukue des"
(=It is on the desk that the book is.)
[ PLACE ] [ A THING ]
The preceding PART 4 instructed us that the most emphasized word must be combined with "des".In the above literal translation,"on the desk" shows "place".Hence we conclude that,unless place is emphasized,we should not substitude
"des" for "ni a-ri-mas" and "ni i-mas".
2. In what case can't we substitute "des"
EX. Takusan hana-ga niwa ni a-ri-mas.
(=There are many flowers in the garden.)
In this sentence,"hana(=flowers)",which is both noun and,at the same time,subject,is emphasized because it has the postposition "ga" which is used to emphasize subject.The literal translation of this sentence
is as follows:
"It is many flowers that are in the garden."
[ THINGS ] [ PLACE ]
Namely,"flowers" is "things" and "garden" ,which is "place", is not emphasized in the sentence.Therefore,according to the rule mentioned
1,we can not substitute "des" for "ni a-ri-mas" as follows:
"Takusan hana-ga niwa des." - IMPOSSIBLE
EX.(a) Oda-san-wa doko ni i-mas ka. or Okada-san-wa doko des ka .←POSSIBLE
(= Where is Ms.Oda?)
[ PLACE }←EMPHASIZED
Niwa ni i-mas. or Niwa des.
(=She is in the garden.)
[ PLACE } ←EMPHASIZED
(b) Donata-ga niwa ni i-mas ka. or Donata-ga niwa des ka. ←IMPOSSIBLE
(= Who is in the garden?)
[ PERSON } ←EMPHASIZED
Oda-san des .←MISUSE
(=Ms.Oda is = It is Ms Oda that is in the garedn.)
[ PERSON } ←EMPHASIZED
Oda-san-ga niwa ni i-mas. or Oda-san-ga niwa des.←IMPOSSIBLE
(=.Ms.Oda is in the garden.)
NOTE:
In the example (b),person is emphasized.Therefore,it is logically wrong to substitute "des" for "ni i-mas" although Japanese people often misuse it.
3. Indispensable use of "des"
Needless to say,in any language,people prefer to use shorter words in their
daily conversation.But "des" has another reason why it is necessary and useful for us as follows:
EX. Inu-wa daidokoro ni i-mas(=des),soshte sono tabemono-wa soko-ni a-ri-mas(=des).
Inu to tabemono-wa daidokoro des.
(=The dog and its food are in the kitchen.)
[ ANIMATE ] [ ANIMATE ] [ PLACE ] ←EMPHASIZED
NOTE.
As "place(=kitchen)" is emphasized in this sentence,we can substitute "des" for both "ni i-mas" and "ni a-ri-mas"
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PART 6 "NI-A-RU" AND " NI-IRU" IN AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. "No" used for "ni a-ru" and "ni i-ru"
We can substitute "no(=of)" for "ni a-ru" and "ni i-ru" when they are used in an adjective clause as follows:
"Tsukue ni a-ru hon" → "Tsukue no hon"
(=The book which is on the desk) (=The book on the desk)
[ADJECTIVE CLAUSE]
"Heya ni i-ru neko" → "Heya no neko"
(=The cat which is in the room) (=The cat in the room)
[ADJECTIVE CLAUSE]
2 Japanese way of thinking
Viewed from a certain angle,in the above examples,the book,which is on
the desk, is possessed by the desk and the cat,which is in the room,by
the room.In other words,bigger ones possess smaller ones.This is why we can substitute "no(=of)",which means "possess",for "ni a-ru" and "ni i-ru".
In Japanese,it is impossible to use any other word but "no(=of)" inorder to combine two nouns in the way mentioned above,that is,"book" and "desk","cat" and "room".
EX. Tsukue no(=ni a-ru) computer-o tsuka-tte mo-ii-des.
(=You may use the computer (which is) on the desk.)
Reezooko no(=ni a-ru) melon-wa oishi-i des.
(=The melon (which is) in the fridge is delicious.)
Genkan no(=ni i-ru) hito-wa Nakano-san des.
(=The man (who is) at the entrance is Mr.Nakano.)
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PART 7 POSTPOSITIONS FOR "DES"
When "des" is in a clause or a sentence,postpositions,on,in and at,which indicate
a place or location,are translated as "de".This holds good with compound postpositions such as "no naka de(=among,in,・・・)".
EX. Fuji-san-wa Nippon de ichi-ban taka-i yama des.
(=Mt.Fuji is(=des) the highest mountain in(=de) Japan.)
Aoki-san-wa kono mise de ten-choo des.
(=Mr.Aoki is(=des) the shopmanager in(=de) this shop.)
Picasso-no sakuhin no naka de kore-ga ichi-ban i-i des.
(=This is(=des) the best among(=no naka de) Picasso's works.)
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PART 8 OMISSION OF "DES" ; "DES" EXIST WITH NOUN
1. Why can we leave out "be"
"Be" is the only verb we can leave out not only in Japanese but also in other
language.
EX.
English: While in New York(=I was in New York),I visited the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
(=New York ni i-ta aida,Metropolitan bijutukan e i-ki-mashta.)
NOTE:
In the above case,we can not leave out "be(=i-ta)" in Japanese.
When young(=I was young),I went abroad for study.
(=Waka-i toki,watashi-wa ryuugaku-shi-mashta.)
Japanese: Yo-i tenki des(=is) nara,sampo ni i-ki tai-des(=am).
(=If it is(=des) fine weather,I wish to go for a walk.)
Kono hana-wa kiree de a-tte(=is and) yasu-i des(=is).
(=This flower is(=des) pretty and cheap.)
Sore-wa kiree de a-tte(=is) mo,ka-i ta-ku nai des(=am).
(=Even if it is pretty,I don't wish to buy it.)
NOTE:
"Des" at the end can be left out although it is not polite.
2. Why can't "des" stand alone
"Des" is an abbreviation of "de a-ri-mas" and "de" is a postposition which can not stay alone without noun ( or pronoun )
to be prefixed.
EX. Kore-wa hon des( de a-ri-mas ) ka.
(=Is this a book?)
Hai,des( or de a-ri-mas ). - IMPOSSIBLE
Hai,hon des( or hon de a-ri-mas ). - RIGHT
Hai,soo des( or soo de a-ri-mas ). - RIGHT
(=Yes,it is.)
Iie,de nai des( or de a-ri-masen ). - WRONG
Iie,hon( or soo ) de nai des( or de a-ri-masen ). - RIGHT
(=No,it isn't.)
NOTE:
Without a noun to which it belongs,any postposition will lose this reason
for being.The same thing can be said about English prepositions as follows:
EX. Is this wine from France?
(=Kono wine-wa France kara des ka.)
Yes,it is from. - WRONG →This makes no sense.
Yes,it is from France( or from there ). - RIGHT
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PART 9 "DES" MAKES POLITE SPEECH
"Des" used in the following way makes no sense except that it makes polite speech.For instance,ifyou leave out "des" from the examples,it is very impolite.
EX. Soko-ni nani-mo nakatta-des.
(=There was nothing there.)
Anata-wa moo chuu-shoku-o tabe-ta des ka.
Anata-wa moo chuu-shoku-o tabe-ta ka. - VERY IMPOLITE
(=Have you already eaten lunch?)
Watashi-wa waka-ra nai des.
Watashi-wa waka-ra nai. - VERY IMPOLITE
(=I don't know. it. or I can't understand it.)
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PART 10 "A-RI-MASEN" AND "NAI DES" ARE INTERCHANGEABLE
1. When used as a verb
"A-ri-masen" and "a-ri-masen-deshta" are verbs.Therefore,they can not be combined with other verbs.
EX. Keetai-denwa-wa a-ri-masen. or nai des.
(=There is no mobil phone.)
Keetai-denwa de-wa(=ja) a-ri-masen. or nai des.
(=It is not a mobil phone.)
Kono orange-wa Spain kara de-wa(=ja) a-ri-masen. or nai des.
(=This orange is not from France.)
Keetai-denwa-wa a-ri-masen-deshta. or nakatta des.
(=There was not a cell phone.)
Keetai-denwa de-wa(=ja) a-ri-masen-deshta. or nakatta des.
(=It was not a cell phone.)
Sono suit-wa yasu-ku a-ri-masen. or nai des.
(=Thesuit is not cheap.)
2. When used as an auxiliary verb
"Nai des" and "nakatta des",which can be used as auxiliary verbs,can be changed respectively into
"masen" and "masen-deshta".Needless to say,however,for the latter,verbs must be conjugated with SECTION 2.
EX. Watashi-wa paso-kon-o tsuka-wa nai des. - SECTION 4
Watashi-wa paso-kon-o tsuka-i masen. - SECTION 2
(=I don't( or will not ) use the personal computer.)
Watashi-wa paso-kon-o tsuka-wa nakatta des - SECTION 4.
Watashi-wa paso-kon-ontsuka-i masen-deshta. - SECTION 2
(=I didn't use the personal computer.)
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