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Wine-o anata-wa ima → (wine) ( you) (now) ↑ Ima anata-wa wine-o → (now) (you) (wine) Anata-wa ima wine-o → (you) (now) (wine) ↑ [OTHER WORDS] :NOTE 1 (1)Nouns have no number and gender. (2)Nouns have no definite and indefinite articles such as "a" and "the". When "the" is emphasized,"that(=sono)" is used. (3) Verbs have no person or no number such as "I am","He is","We are" or "She goes";that is,"I be","He be","We be" or "She go". (4) Nouns,pronouns and words equivalent to nouns take a postposition. NOTE 2 English written in italics in THE TATEWAKI METHOD is usually pronounced in Japanese as it is. 2. STRUCTURE of VERBS (1) Every infinitive verb consists of "root" and "ending". (2) Every infinitive verb ends in vowel "u". (3) The next vowel to the last one "u" is the end of "root". EXAMPLES: h a n a -s u(=speak) t a b e - r u(=eat) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ [root] [ending] [root] [ending] Next to the Next to the last vowel "u" last vowel "u" (4) There are nine types of ending as follows and every infinitive verb has one of them as its ending. -bu: aso-bu(=play); era-bu(=choose); to-bu(=jump); yo-bu(=call) -gu: iso-gu(=hurry); nu-gu(=take off); oyo-gu(=swim); ko-gu(=row) -ku: i-ku(=go); o-ku(=put); ka-ku(=write); ki-ku(=hear) -mu: a-mu(=knit); ka-mu(=bite); no-mu(=drink); su-mu(=live) -ru: ki-ru(=put on); no-ru(=ride); tabe-ru(=eat); u-ru(=sell) -su: ka-su(=lend); ke-su(=turn off); moya-su(=burn); o-su(=push) -suru: denwa-suru(=phone); ryoori-suru(=cook); sooji-suru(=clean) -tsu: ka-tsu(=win); ma-tsu(=wait); mo-tsu(=have); ta-tsu(=stand) -u: a-u(=meet); i-u(=say); ka-u(=buy); tsuka-u(=use) : NOTICE: The nine types of ending are written at the left side of the window in each section on the CARD. 3. CONJUGATION of VERBS (1) When verbs are followed by auxiliary verbs or particles,such as prepositions, conjunctions,they are often conjugated. (2) Only ending is conjugated.That means root never changes in any case. (3) Verbs of the same ending make the same conjugation when they are followed by the same auxiliary verbs or particles. EXAMPLES: yo-mu(=read) Yo-ndemo-ii-des .(=You may read it.) no-mu(=drink) No-nde mo-ii-des.(=You may drink it.) ↑ ↑ [ending] [ending] ara-u(=wash) Kuruma-o ar-tte kudasai.(=Please wash the car.) ka-u(=buy) Tokee-o ka-tte kudasai.(Please buy a watch.) ↑ ↑ [ending] [ending] -to the TOP  PART 2 THE USE OF THE CARDOn the right side of the card,there are various expressions of what you want to say, which are mostly auxiliary verbs including some other particles,such as conjunctions, postpositions,etc.Anything,which needs conjugation of verbs in its direct combination,is mentioned on the card. The use of each section is the same.It is,therefore,enough for you to know how to use SECTION １,which you can apply to SECTION ２，３ and ４.But in SECTION ３,you can use infinitive form of verbs;that is,they make no conjugation. The underlined expressions in each section of the card are often used in our daily conversation. 1. THE USE OF SECTION １ Suppose you want to say as follows: "Please carry the suitcase." (kudasai)(hako-bu) (suitcase) ↑ ↑ [AUXILIARY [verb] VERB] NOTE： "Please(=kudasai)" is an auxiliary verb in Japanese. First find the auxiliary verb "Please(kudasai)" among the right sides on the CARD.You can find it in SECTION １,and,therefore,you must use the WINDOW on the left side of the same section. In the above sentence,the verb is "hako-bu(=carry)" whose ending; is "-bu" and so,you must use the "-bu" column in SECTION １. In this case,its root "hako-" must be placed in the WINDOW because it never changes.Its ending "-bu" must be placed and covered under the right edge of the WINDOW.That shows the ending "-bu" is changed into "-nde" and the conjugated form"hako-nde" is used for Japanese as the verb. The Japanese answer for the above English is as follows: "Suitcase-o hako-nde kudasai" , At the same time the following sentences are formed in SECTION １. EX. Suitcase-o hako-nde imas. (=One is carrying the suitcase.) Suitcase-o hako-nde mo-ii-des. (=You may carry the suitcase.) Suitcase-o hako-nde wa-ikemasen. (=You must not carry the suitcase.) NOTE： "-O" suffixed to "suitcase" is an exceptional postposition which is used for an object of a verb. 2. THE USE OF SECTION 2 You should use SECTION ２ for the following example. EX. Ken drank juice". (ken) (no-mu) (juice) The verb "drank" shows the past tense. As is stated above "1",you should find "past" in the group of SECTION ２ first of all.You will find "mashta"which is used for the past tense. As the verb"no-mu(=drank)" has "-mu" ending, so you must use the "-mu" column on the left edge of WINDOW.Though the root "no-" never changes, the ending "-mu" is changed into "-mi". The Japanese answer is as follws: "Ken-wa juice-o no-mi-mashta." NOTE: "Wa" suffixed to "Ken" is an exceptional postposition which is used for a subject. 3. "-RU" ENDING VERBS (1) Why does the "-ru" ending have two columns on the CARD? Verbs with "ru" ending are classified into two groups.This is because one group makes different conjugation in most cases from the other group.And this is why the "ru" ending has two columns in each section of the CARD. (2) What do "e,i-ru" and "a,o,u-ru" verbs mean? We call two columns of "ru"ending "e,i-ru" ending and a,o,u-ru" ending respectively. From the following examples,you will understand that "e,i-ru" ending verbs are those whose roots end in "e" or"i".Similarly,verbs of "ru" ending,whose roots end in "a","o" or "u",belong to "a,o,u-ru" ending verbs. EX. a g e - r u(=give) o s h i e - r u(=teach) k i - r u(=cut) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ [root] [ending] [root] [ending] [root] [ending] a g a -r u(=rise) o d o - r u(=dance) t s u k u - r u(=make) ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ [root] [ending] [root] [ending] [root] [ending] EX. Ken-wa kaisha no mensetsu-o uke-mashta. - e,i-ru verb (=Ken got a job interview with a company.) Watashi-wa Ueno-eki de ori-mas. - e,i-ru verb (=I will get off at Ueno Station.) Oda-san-ni chuushoku-o ogo-ri-mashta. - a,o,u-ru verb (=I treated Ms.Oda to lunch.) Kankookyaku-wa sono hiroba ni atsuma-ri-mas. - a,o,u-ru verb (=The tourists will flock to the square.) 4. IRREGULAR VERBS Some of the "e,i-ru" verbs make an irregular conjugation.This means that they make the same conjugation as the "a,o,u-ru" verbs.We call these "e,i-ru" verbs irregular verbs. The following are some of irregular verbs. ase-ru(=get impatient) kae-ru (=come back) chi-ru (=scatter) kae-ru(=change) -REGULAR hai-ru (=enter) ke-ru (=kick) he-ru (=decrease) ki-ru (=cut) hine-ru(=twist;turn) ki-ru (=wear a suit) -REGULAR i-ru (=need) shi-ru (=know) i-ru (=be;stay;live) -REGULAR sube-ru(=slide;glide) iji-ru (=finger) te-ru (=shine) Verbs which are underlined are used in regular conjugation and their meanings are quite different from irregular verbs. EX. Sarada ni olive oil-ga i-ri-mas. -IRREGULAR (=I need olive oil for salad.) Neko-wa table no-shita-ni i-mas. -REGULAR (=My cat is under the table.) Aoki-san-wa asu France kara kae-ri-mas. -IRREGULAR (=Mr.Aoki will return from France tomorrow.) Ani-wa kuruma-o ooki-na kuruma ni kae-mashta. -REGULAR (=My brother changed his car for a big one.) 5. EXCEPTIONAL VERBS There are three exceptional verbs,namely "come","go" and "do". [INFINITIVE] [SECTION １] ↓ ↓ come: kuru → kite go: i-ku → itte do: suru → shte(or shite) (1) come "Come(=kuru)" is the only exceptional verb throughout all the sections;that is,you can not use the WINDOW for its conjugation because the whole changes or breaks.That's why its conjugated forms are mentioned at the bottom of each WINDOW. EX. Ashta party ni kite kudasai. - SECTION １ (=Please come to the party tomorrow.) Arai-san-wa aru-ite kaisha e kuru koto dekimas. - SECTION ３ (=Mr.Arai can come to the office on foot.) (2) GO "Go(=i-ku)" is exceptional only in SECTION １.Therefore,you must use the conjugated form mentioned at the bottom of its section.But it makes regular conjugation in any other section. EX.Kyoo eega ni itte mo-iides. (=You may go to the movies today.) Super e kaimono-ni itte kudasai. (=Please go shopping at the supermarket..) (3) DO "Do(=suru)" is also an exceptional verb;that is, we can not use the windows for its conjugation.But this is used for an ending too.Tha's why you can find "suru" among the endings at each window of the card. The conjugation of "suru" makes no difference as an ending or as a verb as you see in the following examples: EX. Akiko-wa super de kaimono-o shi-mas. [VERB] (=Akiko will do the shopping at the supermarket.) → [ do = suru ] Akiko-wa super de kaimono-shi-mas. [ending] (=Akiko will shop at the supermarket.) → [shop = kaimono-suru ] 6. PARTICULAR VERBS Some verbs express future tense when they are suffixed with "mas" of SECTION ２ as follows: EX. Watashi-wa Abe-san-no mail address-o shi-ri-mas. (=I will know Mr.Abe's mail address.) Ken-wa computer-no tsuka-i kata-o oboe-mas. (=Ken will remember how to use the computer.) In order to express the meaning of the following English,each of the above mentioned verbs must be helped by an auxiliary verb "i-mas" in SECTION １. EX. Watashi-wa Abe-san-no mail address-o shi-tte i-mas. (=I know Mr.Abe's mail address.) Ken-wa computer-no tsuka-i kata-o oboe-te i-mas. (=Ken remembers how to use the computer.) -to the TOP |
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