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 1. HOW TO MAKE NEW VERBS THROUGH SECTION 5,6 AND 7Unlike Western languages,we make new verbs for CAUSATIVE,POTENTIAL and PASSIVE in Japanese as you see in the following examples.In other words,when verbs go through SECTION 5,6 and 7,they change into the above-mentioned three respectively.They all of the same type;that is to say, their roots end in "e" with "-ru" ending. EX. Haha-wa watashi-ni sono hon-o yo-mase-mas. - SECTION 5(CAUSATIVE) (=My mother makes me read the book.) Ken-wa kono kanji-o yo-me-mas. - SECTION 6(POTENTIAL) (=Ken can read this kanji.) Sono e-hon-wa sekai-jyuu de yo-mare-mas. - SECTION 7(PASSIVE) (=That picture book is read all over the world.) Needless to say,these new verbs are used independently of their original verbs.In this way,Japanese has four kinds of infinitive forms including original ones which are common with any other language,such as "drink","make",etc.By this,however,we do not mean that all of them are such dictionary words that are found on the left side of any dictionary.But it is true that many of such verbs became dictionary words.  2. NEWLY COINED WORDS(DICTIONARY WORDS) THROUGH SECTION 5 AND SECTION 7One of the most difficult points in learning Japanese is that most verbs have two types,transitive and intransitive.The former takes objects such as "raise prices",and the latter takes no objects,for example,"The price will rise." The following new verbs are transitive from their intransitive originals coined through SECTION 5 and intransitive from their transitive originals through SECTION 7 which forms PASSIVE of verbs. Those which went through SECTION 5 and SECTION 7, have some letters bracketed in them.By leaving them out,we coin new dictonary words as follows: Through SECTION 5 INFINITIVE THROUGH SECTION 5 TRANSITIVE(dictionary words) ↓ ↓ ↓ ki-ru(=wear) → ki-(sa)se-ru(=let one wear) → kise-ru (=dress) mi-ru(=see) → mi-(sa)se-ru(=let one see) → mise-ru (=show) mu-ku(=face) → mu-k(as)e-ru(=let one face) → muke-ru (=turn;direct) no-ru(=ride) → no-(ra)se-ru(=let one ride) → nose-ru (=give a ride) shi-ru(=know) → shi-rase-ru (=let one know) → shirase-ru(=inform) ugo-ku(=move) → ugo-kase-ru [ NOT USED ] → ugoka-su (=move) Through SECTION 7 INFINITIVE THROUGH SECTION 7 INTRANSITIVE(dictionary words) ↓ ↓ ↓ kowa-su(=break) → kowa(sa)re-ru(=be broken) koware-ru(=break by itself) ni-ru(=boil) → ni-(rar)e-ru (=be boiled) nie-ru (=come to a boil) su-ru(=rub) → su(ra)re-ru (=be rubbed) sure-ru (=be worn out) to-ku(=melt) → tok(ar)e-ru (=be melted) toke-ru (=melt by itself) ya-ku(=roast) → yak(ar)e-ru (=be roasted) yake-ru (=burn by itself)  3. THE USE OF SECTION 5 ( CAUSATIVE SECTION )(1) Easy way of conjugation Although conjugations look complicated at a glance,they are systematic as shown in the following table.By suffixing "se-ru" to SECTION 4 conjugations,you can make causative verbs except "e,i-ru" and "suru" ending verbs. ENDING SECTION 4 SECTION 5 ↓ ↓ ↓ −bu −ba ＋ se-ru = ・・・ -base-ru -gu -ga + se-ru =・・・ -gase-ru -ku -ka + se-ru =・・・ -kase-ru -mu -ma + se-ru =・・・ -mase-ru e,i-ru → -sase-ru a,o,u-ru -ra + se-ru =・・・ -rase-ru -su -sa + se-ru =・・・ -sase-ru -suru -shi → =・・・ -sase-ru -tsu -ta + se-ru =・・・ -tase-ru -u -wa + se-ru =・・・ -wase-ru come: → kosase-ru EX. Isha-wa kanja-ni kusuri-o no-mase-mashta. (=The doctor made the patient take the medicine.) Musuko-ni heya-o sooji-sase naku-te wa-ikemasen. (=I must make my son clean the room.) As shown in the above examples,when a person becomes the objective case of the causative verb,him or her takes "ni" as a postposition;that is,a postposition for a person or an animal or fish as an object of a main verb "make" or "have",is "ni". . When we request another person to type a document and get it typed by anyone,we can use two types of expressions for it. The two sentences in the following examples have the same meaning.However,the connotation is different.The former is used when one commands others,while the latter is polite. EX. Abe-san-ni shorui-o type-sase-mashta. - SECTION 5 (=I made Ms.Abe type the papers.) Abe-san-ni shorui-o type-shte mora-i-mashta. - SECTION 1 (=I had Ms.Abe type the papers.)  4. THE USE OF SECTION 6 ( POTENTIAL SECTION )This section has the following three uses: A. To make potential verbs - no-me-ru (=be able to drink) B. For conjunction "ba(=if)" - No-me "ba",・・・ (=If one drinks・・・) C To make strong imperative form - No-me ! (=Drink !)  A. To make potential verbs(1) Postposition of object This type of potential verbs was transformed from the potential use of SECTION 7 through which a verb is given three meanings;that is,passive,potential and honorific..This is why the objects of the potential verbs take subjective postposition "ga" or "wa" and not objective "o". EX. Okada--san-wa France-go-ga hane-se-mas. (=Ms.Okada can speak French.) Ginkoo de nihon-en-wa euro ni kae-rare-mas. (=You can change Japanese yen into euros at a bank.) (2) How to make potential words Except "e,i-ru","suru" and "u" endings,you can make SECTION 6 endings by changing "a" of SECTION 4 conjugations into "e"as follows: ENDING SECTION ４ SECTION 6 ↓ ↓ ↓ -bu -ba ・・・-be-ru -ku -ka ・・・ -ke-ru -mu -ma ・・・ -me-ru e,i-ru → ・・・ -re-ru; -rare-ru a,o,u-ru -ra ・・・ -re -su −sa ・・・ -se -suru -shi ・・・ deki-ru(potential) -tsu -ta ・・・ -te -u -wa ・・・ -e come: kore-ru( POTENTIAL ) EX. Sono kodomo-wa takusan kanji-ga ka-ke-mas. (=That child can write many Chinese characters.) Hiromi-wa France-go-ga hana-se-mas. (=Hiromi can speak French.) NOTE: 1) For "e,i-ru" ending verbs,"rare-ru", which is the same as PASSIVE, is preferable to "re-ru". EX. Kono kinoko-wa tabe-rare-mas. Kono kinoko-wa tabe-re-mas. (=This mushroom is edible.) 2) All the roots of "suru" ending verbs are nouns.This is why we can directly suffix "deki-ru(=can do)" to them as follows: EX. Noda-san-wa party ni sanka-deki-mas. (=Mr.Noda can come to the party.) Watashi-wa sugu-ni shuppatsu-deki-mas. (=I can leave at once.) 3) Needless to say,such irregular verbs as "ki-ru(=cut)","kae-ru(=get home)"must go through "a,o,u-ru" column of the CARD.But once they are transformed through it,they are regular "e,i-ru" ending verbs as follows: EX. ki-ru(=cut) → ki-re-ru(=can cut) ＝ ki-re-mas [IRREGULAR] [REGULAR] kae-ru(=get home) → kae-re-ru(=can get home) ＝ kae-re-mas [IRREGULAR] [REGULAR] 4) In case of postposition "wa" for an object,its sentence connote to compare one thing with another as follows: EX. Ken-wa France-go-wa hana-se-mas. [ kedo Spain-go-wa hana-se-masen.] (=Ken can speak French [ but he can't speak Spanish. - connotation ] Watashi-wa niku-wa tabe-rare-mas. [ ga sakana-wa tabe-rare-masen. ] (=I can eat meat [ but I can't eat fish. - connotation ]  B. For conjunction "ba(=if)"(1) How to combine verbs with "ba(=if)" The following is how to combine verbs with "ba(=if)". ENDING SECTION 6 EXAMPLES ↓ ↓ ↓ -bu -be yo-be ba (=If one calls....) -gu -ge to-ge ba (=If one grinds..) -ku -ke ya-ke ba (=If one bakes...) -mu -me no-me ba (=If one drinks..) e,i-ru -re;-rare mi-re ba (=If one sees...) a,o,u-ru -re no-re ba (=Iｆ one rides...) -su -se ko-se ba (=If one moves...) -suru -sure denwa-sure ba(=If one phones...) -tsu -te ma-te ba (=If one waits...) -u -e ka-e ba (=If one buys...) come;kure ba( CONDITIONAL ) NOTE: For "e,i-ru"ending verbs,for example,"mise-re (ba)" is used and "mise-rare . (ba)" is not used. EX. Iriguchi de ticket-o mise-re ba,hai-re-mas. (=If you show your ticket at the entrance,you will be admitted.) (2) Complement + a-re(=be) + ba(=if) Though we have three kinds of a verb "be(=a-ru,i-ru,des)",we use "a-ru" in such a case as "complement + 'a-ru(=be)' + ba(=if)" because it takes a complement while being conjugated.Another "be(=des)",which can take a complement as well,is not used generally when it must be conjugated. When "a-ru(=be)" in combination with "ba(=if)" takes a complementary word,the following four cases can be considered: 1) True adjective + a-ru + ba [complement] EX. Sono pie-ga oishi-kere ba, tabe-mas. (=If that pie is tasty,I will eat it.) Kono tokee-ga yasu-kere ba,ka-i tai-des. (=If this watch is cheap,I want to buy it.) NOTE: oishi-ku a-ru → oishi-ku a-re ba → oishi kere ba (tasty) (be) (if) (-ku a-re) The ending "-i" of "oishi-i" changes into "-ku" before "a-ru"."A-ru(=be)" changes into "a-re" in SECTION 6.The ending "-ku" and "a-re" are combined and are shortened into "-kere". "Nara" is used for "kere".In such a case,ending "-i" never changes. EX. Kono juice-ga ama-i nara ba, no-mi-mas. (=If this juice is sweet,I'll drink it.) 2) Quasi-adjective + a-ru + ba [complement] EX. Sono doogu-ga benri de a-re ba, tsuka-i tai-des. (=If that tool is handy,I wish to use it.) Sono heya-ga kiree de a-re ba,ka-ri-mas. (=If that room is neat,I'll rent it.) NOTE: The ending "no" or "na" of quasi-adjectives dropped before "a-ru(=be)" and "de"is suffixed. In the above cases,we sometimes use "nara" insted of "de a-re". EX. Sono doogu-ga benri nara ba,tsuka-i tai-des. (=If that tool is handy,I'll use it.) 3) Noun + a-re +ba [complement] EX. Sono inu-ga dachshund de a-re ba,ka-i tai-des. (=If the dog is a dachshund,I wish to keep it.) Kono kudamono-ga mangoo de a-re ba,tabe-mas. (=If this fruit is a mango,I'l eat it.) NOTE: When nouns are placed before "a-ru(=be)","de" is suffixed. As mentioned above 2),"nara" is sometimes used for "de a-re". EX. Sono inu-ga dachshund nara ba,ka-i tai-des. (=If that dog is a dachshund,I wish to keep it.) 4) Postposition + a-re ba [complement] EX. Sono tegami-ga Aoki-san e de a-re ba,sugu motte-itte kudasai. (=If the letter is for Mr.Aoki,please takeit soon.) Sono wine-ga France kara de a-re ba,no-mi tai-des. (=If the wine is from France,I want to drink it.) NOTE : When postpositions are placed before "a-ru(=be)","de" must be suffixed. As mentioned above 2) and 3),we can use "nara" for "de a-re". EX. Sono tegami-ga Aoki-san e nara ba,sugu motte-itte kudasai. (=If the letter is to Mr.Aoki,please take it soon.) (3) Complement + nakere(=be not) + ba(=if) This is the negative case for the above (2) "Complement + a-re(=be) + ba(=if)". "Nakere ba" takes the same complementary words as "a-re ba" as follows: EX. Ashta isogashi-ku nakere ba,golf-ni i-ki-mas. (=If I am not busy tomorrow,I'll go golfing.) Meewaku de nakere ba,issho-ni i-ki tai-des. (=If it is not inconvenient,I'd like to go with you.) Sono yubiwa-ga daiya de nakere ba,ka-i-masen. (=If the ring is not diamond,I'll not buy it.) Sono tegami-ga Hara-san kara de nakere ba,Abe-san kara deshoo. (=If the letter is not from Mr.Hara,I think from Mr.Abe. NOTE: isogashi-ku na-ku a-ru → isogashi-ku na-ku a-re ba → (busy) (not) (be) (if) isogashi-ku nakere ba (na-ku a-re) NOTE: "Na-i(=not)" is a true adjective such as "oishi-i".Therefore,its ending "-i" must be changed into "-ku" when it is placed before "a-ru".The ending " "na-ku" and "a-re"are combined and shortened into "nakere". In the above examples, "nai nara" is used for "nakere" as following examples: EX. Ashta isogashi-ku nai nara ba,golf-ni i-ki-mas. (=If I am not busy tomorrow,I'll go golfing.) Meewaku de nai nara ba,issho-ni i-ki tai-des. (=If it is not inconvenient,I'd like to go with you.) (4) Idioms with "ba(=if)" １） Yokere ba(=if you like) EX. Yokere ba,sukoshi yasu-mi mashoo. (=Shall we rest a little if you like.) Yokere ba,koohii-o no-nde kudasai.) (=Please drink coffee if you like.) 2） Tatoe ba(=for instance) EX. Watashi-wa nihon-no tabemono-ga suki des,tatoe ba,sush ya tempra nado. (=I like Japanese food - sushi and tempra,for instance.) Hara-san-wa yasai-o tsuku-tte i-mas,tatoe ba,ninjin ya kabu nado. (=Mr.Hara grows vegetables - carrots and turnips,for example.) 3) ・・・ba-ii-des(=should) EX. Doo sure ba-ii-des ka. (=What should I do?) Ashta Noda-san-ni denwa-sure ba-ii-des. (=You should phone Mr.Noda tomorrow.)  C. To make the strong imperative formBy conjugating verbs through SECTION 6,we can make imperative forms as follows: INFINITIVE IMPERATIVE ↓ ↓ ka-ku(=write) → Ka-ke!(=Write it!) no-mu(=drink) → No-me!(=Drink it!) ka-su(=lend) → Ka-se!(=Lend it!) （１） Regular "e,i-ru" ending verbs mi-ru(=watch) → Mi-ro! (=Watch it!) kime-ru(=decider) → Kime-ro!(=Decide it) yame-ru(=stop) → Yame-ro!(=Stop it!) （２） Irregular "e,i-ru" ending verbs Irregular "e,i-ru" ending verbs,which go through "a,o,u-ru" column in any window,make regular conjugation of imperative form as follows: hai-ru(=enter) → Hai-re! (=Come in!) kae-ru(=return) → Kae-re!(=Go home!;Come back!) ki-ru(=cut) → Ki-re! (=Cut it!) (3) ”Suru" ending verbs benkyoo-suru(=study) → Benkyoo-shiro!(=Study hard!) choosa-suru(=examine) → Choosa-shiro! (=Examine it!) sooji-suru(=clean) → Sooji-shiro!(=Clean it!)  5. THE USE OF SECTION 7(PASSIVE,POTENTIAL and HONORIFIC SECTION )(1) The use of the passive By suffixing "re-ru" to SECTION 4 conjugations,you can make passive verbs,which can be used also for potential and honorific verbs,except "e,i-ru" and "suru" ending verbs. ENDING SECTION 4 SECTION 7 EXAMPLES ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ -bu -ba -bare-ru yo-bare-ru(=be called) -gu -ga -gare-ru ha-gare-ru(=be torn) -ku -ka -kare-ru ya-kare-ru(=be baked) -mu -ma -mare-ru yo-mare-ru(=be read) e,i-ru → -rare-ru ake-rare-ru(=be opened) a,o,u-ru -ra -rare-ru nu-rare-ru(=paint) -su -sa -sare-ru ke-sare-ru(=be erased) -suru -shi -sare-ru sooji-sare-ru(=be cleaned) -tsu -ta -tare-ru u-tare-ru(=be shot) -u -wa -ware-ru ka-ware-ru(=be bought) come: ko-rare-ru In Japanese,we must make passive verbs and use them in the same way as ordinary verbs.For instance,from the verb "kowa-su(=break)" we make a new passive verb "kowa-sare-ru(=be broken)". The verbs of this type which are formed through SECTION 7 are of regular "e,i-ru" ending. In other words,they must be applied to "e,i-ru" column in any section. In a passive sentence,the postposition "by" used for "doers",who may be persons, ,animals or others,must be translated into "ni". EX. Isu-wa Masao ni kowa-sare-mashta. (=The chair was broken by Masao.) Nihon de maitoshi takusan-no kome-ga tsuku-rare-mas. (=A lot of rice are grown in Japan every year.) (2) Used for potential passive We could say the potential of SECTION 7 is generally used for potential -passive,that is,the passive implying potential. SECTION 7 is originally for making passive form of verbs.Accordingly,the noun which is the direct object for a potential verb of this section must take a subjective postposition "wa",following original one. EX. Kono mizu-wa no-mare-mas ka. (=Is this drinking water? or Is this water fit to drink?) , Sono tori-wa doobutsu-en de mi-rare-mas(=can be seen). (=That bird is seen in the zoo.) Kono nabe-wa yasai-o abura de itame-ru no ni tsuka-ware-mas. (=This pan is used to fry vegetables in oil.) Hokkaidoo de jagaimo-wa mai-toshi takusan tsuku-rare-mas. (=A lot of potatoes are grown in Hokkaidoo every year.) (3) Used for honorific( politeness ) In Japanese,polite speech is so important that it is not too much to say:"You should not speak Japanese unless you know its polite speech". We have various types of polite expression.SECTION 7 is one of them.Honorific words formed through SECTION 7 have nothing to do with passive though there is no difference of type between two.How to distinguish honorific from passive and potential depends on the circumstances or the cases in which one is speaking. EX. Okada-sa-wa itsumo kono mise de pan-o ka-ware-mas. (=Ms.Okada always buys bread at this shop.) Yamada-san-wa kuruma-o u-rare-mashta. (=Mr.Yamada sold his car.) Itsu aerobics-o hajine-rare-mashta ka. (=When did you begin to do aerobics?) Needless to say,also intransitive verbs such as "go" ,which can not take a direct object,can become honorific through SECTION 7. EX. Abe-san-wa sen-getsu Canada e i-kare-mashta. (=Ms.Abe went to Canada last month.) For honorific use,an objective postposition "o" is attached to the noun which is the direct object of the honorific verb.Thereby,we could say we can distinguish honorific from potential as follows: EX. Kono sakana-wa tabe-rare-mas. - potential (=This fish is fit to eat..) Aoki-san-wa toki-doki kono sakana-o tabe-rare-mas. - honorific (=Mr.Aoki sometimes eats this fish..) |
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