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THE USE OF EACH ITEM 1. SIMPLE PAST 2. DO AND or DID AND;BY DOING 3. KUDASAI.( PLEASE ) 4. AGE-MAS.( TO DO FOR OTHERS ) 5 ARI-MAS.( TO BE DONE ) - PASSIVE OF STATE 6. GO-RAN-NASAI.( Do AND SEE!!;TRY IT!) 7. I-MAS.( TO BE DOING ) { i-masen - negative;i-mashta - past } 8. MORA-U.( TO HAVE ONE DO ) 9. KARA.....( AFTER.....) - CONJUNCTION SINCE 10. MO.....( EVEN IF.....) - CONJUNCTION 11. MO-II-DES.( MAY ) - PERMISSION 12. WA-IKEMASEN.( MUST NOT;MAY NOT;SHOULD NOT )  1. SIMPLE PASTWhen any verb goes through the window of SECTION 1,it ends in "e" with no exception.By replacing this "e"with "a",you can make SIMPLE PAST of any verb as shown in the following examples: [INFINITIVE] [SECTION 1] [SIMPLE PAST] ↓ ↓ ↓ hako-bu(=carry) → hako-nde → hako-nda(=carried) iso-gu (=hurry) → iso-ide → iso-ida (=hurried) maze-ru (=mix) → maze-te → maze-ta (=mixed) a-u (=meet) → a-tte → a-tta (=met) These simple past verbs have exactly the same meaning as those made with 'mashta' in SECTION 2 as follows: [SIMPLE PAST] [SECTION 2] ↓ ↓ hako-nda(=carried) ←→ hako-bi-mashta(=carried) iso-ida (=hurried) ←→ iso-gi-mashta (=hurried) maze-ta (=mixed) ←→ maze-mashta (=mixed) a-tta (=met) ←→ a-i-mashta (=met) EX. Ken-wa suitcase-o heya e hako-nda(=hako-bi-mashta). (=Ken carried his suitcase to the room.) Aoki-san-wa eki e iso-ida(=iso-gi-mashta). (=Mr.Aoki hurried to the station.) When you close a sentence with a simple past verb,it is generally rude;but as long as you use it in the middle of a sentence,it is useful and advisable. EX. Watashi-ga toori de a-tta hito-wa Nakano-san des. (=The man whom I met in the street is Ms.Nakano. Table-o katazuke-ta atode,terebi-o mi-mashta. (=After I cleared the table,I watched TV.) - to the TOP  2. DO AND or DID AND;BY DOING(1) Conjugation When any verb conjugated in SECTION 1 stands in the middle of a sentence without an auxiliary verb,its meaning is extended to include "and" as follows: [INFINITIVE] [VERB AND] [VERB AND VERB] ↑ ↑ ↑ ara-u (=wash) → ara-tte (=wash and) → ara-tte fu-ku (=wash and wipe) ka-ku (=write) → ka-ite (=write and) → ka-ite da-su (=write and mail) ka-u (=buy) → ka-tte (=buy and) → ka-tte tabe-ru (=buy and eat) oto-su(=drop) → oto-shte(=drop and) → oto-shte wa-ru(=drop and break) In this expression,the first verb is always conjugated with SECTION 1 and the second verb,that is,a main verb is combined with auxiliary verbs such as "mo-ii- des","tai-des",etc. As shown in the following examples,we can insert other words between two verbs. EX. Haha-wa sara-o ara-tte fukin de fu-ki-mashta. (=Mother washed dishes and wiped them with cloth.) Watashi-wa tegami-o ka-ite da-shi-mashta. (=I wrote a letter and mailed it.) (2) Tense The first verb conjugated with SECTION 1 never changes its form,but its tense changes automatically according to that of the main verb which stays at the end of a sentence in Japanese. EX. Hiromi-wa pasta-o tsuku-tte tabe-mas. ー FUTURE TENSE (=Hiromi will make and eat pasta.) Hiromi-wa pasta-o tsuku-tte tabe-mashta. ー PAST TENSE (=Hiromi made and ate pasta.) - to the TOP  3. KUDASAI.( PLEASE )The infinitive form of "kudasai(=Give me)" is "kudasa-ru(=give me or us)" which is a very humble word. (1) "Kudasa-ru" used as an independent verb We can use "kudasa-ru(=give me or us)"in any case like other verbs.In modern Japanese,"r" of its ending "ru" is left out as shown in the following examples. EX.: Abe-san-wa tokidoki watasi-ni fruit-o kudasa-i-mas. (=Ms.Abe sometimes gives me some fruit.) Oda-san-wa watasi-ni hon-o kudasa-i-mashta. (=Mr.Oda gave me a book.) When "kudasai" is used for "kudasa-ru" as the following examples,it means polite imperative. EX. Koohii-o kudasai. (=Give me a cup of coffee.) Tulip-o go-hon kudasai. (=Give me five tulips.) (2) "Kudasa-ru" used as an auxiliary verb When "kudasa-ru" follows a verb,it is used as an auxiliary verb."R" of its ending "ru" is left out. EX. Noda-san-wa apple pie-o ya-ite kudasa-i-mashta. [VERB] [AUXILIARY VERB] (=Ms Noda baked an apple pie kindly for me.) The original meaning of this statement might have been as follows: "Ms.Noda bakeed an apple pie and gave it to me." The meaning was later modified as follows: "Ms.Noda baked an apple pie kindly for me." We can use this form for an auxiliary verb as "kudasai". EX. Kono shorui-o copy-shte kudasai. (=Please make a copy of this document.) Ashta-no asa roku-ji ni oko-shte kudasai. (=Wake me up at six tomorrow morning,please.) - to the TOP  4. AGE-MAS.( TO DO FOR OTHERS )The infinitive form of "age-mas" is "age-ru". We can take this form as either an auxiliary verb or a verb.When we do a favor for others,we sometimes use it as an auxiliary verb.A sentence sounds polite by suffixing "age-mas" as shown in the following first examples in (1). In SECTION 1 on the CARD,"age-mas" is mentioned as an auxiliary verb. (1) Used as an auxiliary verb EX. Abe-san-wa Noda-san-o kuruma de uchi-e oku-tte age-mas. (=Mr.Abe will drive Mr.Noda home in my car kindly.) Wada -san-wa Ono-san-no shigoto-o tetsuda-tte age-mashta. (=Mr.Wada helped Ms.Ono with her work from his kindness.) (2)Used as a verb EX. Watashi-wa kono hana-o Midori ni age-mas. (=I will give these flowers to Midori.) Hiromi-wa Yukiko-ni France no miyage-o age-mashta. (=Hiromi gave Yukiko a gift from France.) We sometimes use "ya-ru" instead of "age-ru" for plants and animals. EX. Watashi-wa mai-asa tori ni esa-o ya-ri-mas. (=I feed the bords every morning.) Naomi-wa ueki-bachi no hana ni mizu-o ya-ri-mashta. (=Naomi watered the flowers in the plant pot.) - to the TOP  5 ARI-MAS.( TO BE DONE ) - PASSIVE OF STATEThe infinitive form of "ari-mas" is "a-ru".Although "a-ru" is used as a helping verb here,it is primarily a verb which means "be" or "stay" to be used to denote the existence of inanimate things.Accordingly,its passive verb emphasizes only the result caused or brought about by some actions while SECTION 7 passive voice stresses "how" or "by whom". EX. Chuushoku-wa Hiroko ni tsuku-tte ari-mas. −SECTION 1 (=Lunch is made(or is ready) for Hiroko.) Chuushoku-wa Hiroko nitsuku-rare-mas. - SECTION 7 (=Lunch will be madeby HIroko.) You should notice the postposition "ni" whose meaning differs between the two. Needless to say,it must be definitely a transitive verb which takes an object that "a-ru" is suffixed to.To make this form,we can not use intransitive verbs such as "koware-ru(=be broken)" or "nao-ru(=be fixed)" which can not used for the passive voice in any language.This is one of the reasons " transitive verb + a-ru"should be the passive voice.. EX. Mado-wa shime-te ari-mas. - THE PASSIVE (=The window is closed.) Mado-wa shima-tte i-mas. - THE PRESENT (=The window is closed.) "Shime-ru",which means"close something",is a transitve verb."Shima-ru" can not be used for the passive voice because it is an intransitive verb which means " close by itself". EX. Kyoo-no shimbun-wa table ni o-ite ari-mas. (=Today's paper is put on the table.) Koohii ni milk-wa ire-te ari-mas. (=Milk is put in your coffee.) - to the TOP 6. GO-RAN-NASAI.( Do AND SEE!!;TRY IT!)(1) Infinitive form This is used both as a verb and an auxiliary verb.This infinitive form of above mentioned expression "go-ran-nasai"is as follows: "go-ran-nasa-ru(=see)" → "go-ran ni na-ru(=see)" Namely,this is nothing but a polite form of "see" for others.Therefore,we can use it for "mi-ru" in the polite meaning. EX. Abe-san-wa kabuki-o mi-mashta. - POLITE Abe-san-wa kabuki-o go-ran ni na-ri-mashta. -VERY POLITE (=Mr.Abe saw a kabuki play.) . " Go-ran-nasai"is mentioned as an auxiliary verb in SECTION 1. (2) Translation of each part The following is the translation of each part of this phrase. go: This corresponds to "your",that is,it indicate politeness. ran: This meaning is "see".We can not use this independently in the meaning of "see".It is so-called Chinese-Japanese. nasai: This is imperative "Do it!". EX. Kono keeki-o tabe-te go-ran-nasai. - AUXILIARY VERB (=Try this cake. or Eat and see this cake.) Kabin no hana-o go-ran-nasai. - VERB (=Look at the flowers in the vase.) - to the TOP 7. I-MAS.( TO BE DOING ) { i-masen - negative;i-mashta - past }"I-mas(=be doing)" shows progressive tense.Its meaning is different from those of "be" and "stay" which are "i-mas". A verb suffixed with the helping verb "i-mas","i-masen","i-mashta" or "i-masen-deshta" expresses the continuation of action.Besides,it is sometimes used to express the state of things. EX. Chichi-wa shimbun-o yo-nde i-mas. - CONTINUATION (=My father is reading a newspaper.) Kodomo-tachi-wa cola-o no-nde i-mashta. - CONTINUATION (=THe children were drinking cola.) Shatsu-wa mada nure-te i-mas. - STATE (=My shirt is still wet.) Kutsu-wa yogore-te i-mashta. - STATE (=My shoes were dirty.) - to the TOP 8. MORA-U.( TO HAVE ONE DO )A verb suffixed with "mora-u(=be given or have)" is the same in the meaning as that newly coined through SECTION 5 as follows: "tsuku-tte mora-u(=have one make)" = "tsuku-rase-ru(=have one make)" ↑ ↑ [SECTION 1] [SECTION 5] But the former is used when "one asks others to do something" or "one wants them to do something". In English there are three ways for this expression as follows while we have only one way in Japanese,"mora-u". "have a person do"; "have a thing done"; "want a person to do" EX. Aoki-san-ni nimotsu-o hako-nde mora-i-mashta. . (=I had Mr.Aoki carry my baggage.) Ken-wa jitensha-o nao-shte mora-i-mas. (=Ken will have his bicycle repaired. One way of thinking about the above expression is as follows: EX. Chichi-ni digital camera-o ka-tte mora-i-mashta. (=I had my father buy a digital camera.) Chichi-ni digital camera-o ka-tte(=My father buys a digital camera and) (buy and) mora-i-mashta. (=I was given it.) From the combination of the two clauses,we can understand that " My father bought adigital camera" and "I had it",that is,"I had my father buy a digital camera". - to the TOP 9. KARA.....( AFTER.....) - CONJUNCTION SINCEIn Japanese,conjunctions are directly combined with the verbs in the subordinate clauses which belong to main clauses.;that is,subordinate clauses which follow conjunctions come first and main clauses follow the subordinate clauses.That is the order of two clauses which are connected with conjunctions. EX. Shokki-o ara-tte kara terebi-o mi-mas. (=I will watch TV after I wash the dishes.) Ken-wa itsumo shukudai-o oe-te kara aso-bi-mas. (=Ken always plays after he finishes his homework.) Even if the verb in the subordinate clause is past tense,it is conjugated in SECTION 1.Its tense is shown automatically according to that of a main verb. EX. Shokki-o ara-tte kara terebi-o mi-mashta. (=I watched TV after I washed the dishes.) Ken-wa itsumo shukudai-o oe-te kara aso-bi-mashita. (=Ken always played after he finished his homework.) - to the TOP 10. MO.....( EVEN IF.....) - CONJUNCTIONThere are about seven different words for "if" in Japanese such as"naraba", "nara","to","ra","ba","wa" and "mo".Among them,"mo" is the only one to be translated as "even if". EX. Iso-ide mo,bus ni ma-ni a-i-masen. (=Even if you hurry,you will not catch the bus.) Ame-ga fu-tte mo,kaimono-ni i-ki-mas. (=Even if it rains,I'm going shopping.) - to the TOP 11. MO-II-DES.( MAY ) - PERMISSIONUnlike Western languages,many Japanese auxiliary verbs consist of two or three words.This is also one of them as you see in the followings: "Tsuka-tte mo ii des" → "Even if you use it,it is O.K." → (you use) (Even if) (good) (is or are) (mo) (ii des) "You may use it." (mo-ii-des) EX. Kono pasokon-o tsuka-tte mo-ii-des. . (=You may use this personal computer.) Okada-san-wa ashta yasu-nde mo-ii-des. (=Ms.Okada may take a day off tomorrrow.) (1) Simple answer "ii-des" Suppose you leave out "tsuka-tte(=you use)" from the above first example,"mo" alone makes no sense.So you can understand why the simple answer must be "ii-des (=O.K.)". . ,EX. "Kono pasokon-o tsuka-tte mo ii-des ka.(=May I use this personal computer?)" "Hai,tsuka-tte mo-ii-des. (=Yes,you may use it.)" "Hai,ii-des. (=Yes,you may.)" (2) Past form of "mo-ii-des" For the past form of "mo-ii-des",it is sufficient to change "is O.K.(=ii-des)" into "was O.K.(=yakatta-des)". "Yokatta" is the past form of "yo-i(=good)". EX. Kono pasokon-o tsuka-tte mo-yokatta-des. (=You may have used this personal computer.) Okano-san-wa koko-ni kuruma-o tome-te mo-yokatta-des.) (=Mr.Okano may have parked his car here.) - to the TOP 12. WA-IKEMASEN.( MUST NOT;MAY NOT;SHOULD NOT )"Must not" consists of two words;that is,"wa" and "ikemasen". "Tabe-te waikemasen." → "If you eat. it is no good." → (you eat) (if) (no good) (wa)(tabe-te) (ikemasen) "You must not eat." (wa-ikemasen) EX. Koko-ni jitensha-o o-ite wa-ikemasen. (=You must not leave your bike here.) Sono e-ni sawa-tte wa-ikemasen. (=You must not touch that painting.) (1) Simple answer"ike-masen" "Wa" stays with a verb "tabe-te" in the following example,and therefore,it loses the reason to stay when the verb is left out.In other words,"wa"must be left out of "wa-ikemasen." EX. "Kono keeki-o tabe-te mo-ii-des ka.(=May I eat this cake?)" "Iie,tabe-te wa-ikemasen. (=No,you must not eat it.)" "IIe,ikemasen. (=No,you must not.)" (2) Past form of "wa-ikemasen" For the past form,it is sufficient to suffix "deshta" to "wa-ikemasen" or to change "wa-ikemasen" into "wa-ikenakatta-des". "Ikenakatta-des" is the past form of "was not". EX. Sono shorui-o sute-te wa-ikemasen-deshta. (=You shouldn't have thrown away those documents.) Abe-san ni sono koto-o hana-shte wa-ikenakatta-des. (=You shouldn't have told the thing to Ms.Abe.) We use "ikemasen-deshta" or "ikenakatta-des" as its simple answer as follows: EX. "Sono shorui-o sute-te mo-yokatta-des ka." (=May I have thrown away the documents?) "Iie,ikemasen-deshta." or "Iie,ikenakatta-des." (=No,you shouldn't have.) - to the TOP |
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