|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
In this section, no verb needs to be conjugated;that is,you should use infinitive verbs.  1. HAZU-DES( OUGHT TO;MUST;SHOULD;BE EXPECTED;BE TO )(1) Combination with verbs,adjectives,nouns and postpositions "Hazu" is a noun and therefore "nouns"and "postpositions" must be suffixed with "no(=of)" to become adjectives for it. EX. Suzuki-san-wa san-ji ni kuru hazu-des. - VERB (=Ms.Suzuki is expected to come at three.) Kono orange-wa ama-i hazu-des. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=This orange ought to be sweet.) Wada-san-wa hima-na hazu-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=Mr.Wada should be free.) Arai-san-wa ginkoo-in-no hazu-des. - NOUN (=Ms.Arai must be a bank clerk.) Mail-wa Fujita-san kara-no hazu-des. - POSTPOSITION (=The e-mail ought to be from Ms.Fujita.) (2) The past form There are two ways of making the past form of "hazu-des";one is "placing the past form of verbs before it",the other is "replacing 'deshta' with 'des'". The former shows gess while the latter "hazu-deshta" implies that an action to be performed has not been realized actually. EX. Abe-san-wa ima-goro Pari ni tsu-ita hazu-des. - GUESS (=Ms.Abe should have arrived in Paris this time.) Abe-san-wa ima-goro Pari ni tsu-ku hazu-deshta. -She didn't arrive there. (=Ms.Abe should have arrived in Paris this time.) (3) A negative form The negative form is "hazu-ga ari-masen" or "hazu-ga nai-des".Postposition "ga" used for "hazu" indicates that it is a subject. EX. Sono hanashi-ga hontoo-no hazu-ga nai-des. (=The story can't be true.) Noda-san-ga Aoki-san-ni a-tta hazu-ga ari-masen. (=Mr.Noda can not have met Ms.Aoki.) -TO THE TOP  2. HOO-GA-II-DES( HAD BETTER;IT WOULD BE BETTER TO )(1) Particular way of thinking The meaning of each element of this auxiliary verb is as follows: hoo: The meaning of this is "side","direction" or "part".This is one of the unique aspect of our thinking.Namely,in our mind,we figure two parts in comparison.It is a characteristic of Japanese to make an expression figuring one action or thing in comparison with others. ga: This is a postposition to "hoo" to indicate that it is a subject. ii-des: This can be translated as either "is good" or "is better" accoding to circumstances. (2) Tense As to the tense of a verb,it makes no difference in the meaning whether you may use the future(or the present) or the past.In this connection,this auxiliary verb is an only exception among those in SECTION 3. EX. Hara-san ni denwa-suru hoo-ga-iides. -THE FUTURE Hara-san ni denwa-shta hoo-ga-ii-des .-THE PAST (=You had better phone to Mr.Hara.) The past form of "hoo-ga-ii-des" is "hoo-ga-yokatta-des" as follows: EX. Orange-o ka-u hoo-ga-yokatta-des. (=You had better have bought orages.) Terebi de sport bangumi-o mi-ru hoo-ga-yokatta-des. (=I had better have watched sports program on TV.) -TO THE TOP  3. KAMO-SHIREMASEN( MAY;MIGHT;PERHAPS;MAYBE;POSSIBLY;PROBABLY )This auxiliary verb has very ambiguous meanings.According to circumstances,you can decide which one of them you should use. (1) Structure This auxiliary verb consists of the following two elements: KAMO: This is an old word which is not used independently.Its probable meaning is "if" or "wheather" in combination with "shiremasen". SHIREMASEN: This is a potential form of "shi-ru(=know)" formed through the SECTION 6 WINDOW which is a POTENTIAL SECTION (2) Combination with verbs,adjectives,nouns and postpositions In the following combination,the ending "no" or "na" of quasi-adjectives is dropped. EX. Ken-wa Spain-go-o hana-su kamo-shiremasen.- VERB (=Ms.Sano probably speak Spanish.) Test-wa muzukashi-i kamo-shiremasen. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=Perhaps the test will be difficult.) Kono doogu-wa benri kamo-shiremasen. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=This tool may be convenient.) Hara-san-wa bengoshi kamo-shiremasen. - NOUN (=Ms.Hara may be a lawyer.) Yasu-uri-wa kyoo made kamo-shiremasen. - POSTPOSITION (=The sale may be until today.) (3) The past form When you make the past form of "kamo-shiremasen" ,you should use the past tense of verbs before it. EX. Ono-san-wa Abe-san-ni denwa-shta kamo-shiremasen. (=Ms.Ono may have phoned Mr.Abe.) Aoki-san-wa sono shinkansen-ni nori-okure-ta kamo-shiremasen. (=Mr.Aoki may have missed the Shinkansen.) -TO THE TOP  4. NO NI( IN ORDER TO )(1) "No ni" and "tame ni" When we use verbs ,such as "make","buy","read",etc. except "go","come","return" and equivalents, as main verbs,SECTION 3 is usually used for "in order to". EX. Sarada-o tsuku-ru no ni sarada-dressing-ga i-ri-mas. (=I need a sarada dressing in order to make salad.) Yumi-wa ryokoo-suru no ni atarashi-i sneaker-o ka-i-mashta. (=Yumi bought a pair of new sneakers in order to have a trip.) "Tame ni"is used as an emphatic expression for "no ni(in order to)" in SECTION 3. "Tame" means "good","advantage","sake",etc. EX. Sarada-o tsuku-ru tame ni sarada-dressing-ga i-ri-mas. (=I need a salad dresiing in order to make salad.) Yumi-wa ryokoo-suru tame ni atarashi-i sneaker-o ka-i-mashta. (=Yumi bought a pair of new sneakers in order to have a trip.) (2) Negative form of "tame ni" Although "ni" and "no ni" in use of "in order to" have no negative form,"tame ni" has its negative form;that is,"nai tame ni(=in order not to)".The conjugation of a verb to be combined this belongs to SECTION 4. EX. Neboo-shi nai tame ni mezamashi-dokee-o roku-ji ni awase-mashta. (=I set the alarm clock at six in order not to oversleep.) Kuruma-no kagi-o naku-sa nai tame ni hikidashi ni ire-mashta. (=I put my car key in the drawer in order not to lose it.) -TO THE TOP  5. YOO NI( SO AS TO)When an infinitive form of a verb,such as "yo-mu(=read)","tsuku-ru(=make)",is combined with "i-u(=tell)" and equivalents as mentioned below,we translate "so as to" into "yoo ni",distinguishing it from "in order to";that is,"ni" in SECTION 2 and "no ni" in SECTION 3. advise (=susume-ru) = tell ask (=tano-mu) = tell order (=meeji-ru) = tell phone (=denwa-suru) = tell by telephone recomend (=susume-ru) = tell write (=ka-ku) = tell by a letter be careful(=ki-o tsuke-ru) - This generally takes a negative verb. EX. Haha-wa kodomo-tachi-ni shizuka-ni suru yoo ni i-i-mashta. (=Mother told her children so as to be quiet.) Isha-wa Noda-san-ni undoo-suru yoo ni susume-mashta. (=The doctor advised Mr.Noda so as to take exercise.) Dooro de sube-ra nai yoo ni ki-o tsuke-mashta. - SECTION 4 (=I was careful so as not to slip on the road.) -TO THE TOP 6. KOTO DEKI-MAS( CAN )(1) Substitution for a verb "deki-ru" Just as English has no auxiliary verb for Japanese "tai-des(=want to)",Japanese has none for English "can(=deki-ru)" which is an auxiliary verb in English.Therefore,we substitute a verb "deki-ru(=can do)" for English "can". In order to suffix "deki-ru(=can do)" to a verb,the verb must be made into a noun type(or gerund).It is because "a verb + a verb" such as "do eat" is grammatically impossible with any language.This is why,to make a verb noun,we suffix "koto"to the verb as follows: yo-mu + koto(=reading) → yo-mu koto deki-ru or yo-mu koto deki-mas [VERB NOUN] (reading) (can do) (reading) (can do) ka-u + koto(=buying) → ka-u koto deki-ru or ka-u koto deki-mas [VERB NOUN] (buying) (can do) (buying) (can do) EX. Hara-san-wa Spain-go-o hana-su koto deki-mas. (=Ms.Hara can speak Spanish.) Ken-ni keetai-denwa de renraku-suru koto deki-mas. (=I can get in touch with Ken on my cell phone.) (2) Postposition "ga"or "wa" and not "o" for "deki-ru" The verb "deki-ru(=can do)" takes a subjective postposition "ga" or "wa" and not "o" which should be used for objective case of general verbs.This is because its original meaning is "come out" and this was developed into the meanings of "be made","be ready",etc. and finally into "can do". It is difficult for beginners to decide between "ga" and "wa" though the former may be used more often than the latter in practice.It may be,therefore,advisable for beginners to leave them out. (3) The past form You can make the past form by changing "deki-mas" into "deki-mashta". EX. Haha-wa yubiwa-o credit de ka-u koto deki-mashta. (=Mother could buy the ring on credit.) Ku-ji-no shinkansen-ni no-ru koto dekimashta. (=I could take the nine o'clock Shinkansen.) -TO THE TOP 7. TSUMORI-DES( INTEND TO;PLAN TO;MEAN TO;BE GOING TO )(1) Combination with verbs,adjectives,nouns and postpositions "Tsumori" is a noun,so "no" must be suffixed to nouns and postpositions to make them adjectives for it as mentioned in "1. hazu-des". EX. Oda-san-wa rai-shuu France e i-ku tsumori-des. - VERB (=Mr.Oda plans to go to France next week.) Sono kodomo-wa kawai-i tsumori-des. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=The child thinks himself to be pretty.) Tani-san-wa rikoo-na tsumori-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=Mr.Tani fancies himself to be bright.) Wada-san-wa kashu-no tsumori-des. - NOUN (=Ms.Wada thinks herself to be a singer.) Kono shigoto-wa rai-getsu made-no tsumori-des. - POSTPOSITION (=I think this job is until next month.) (2) The past form You can make the past form of "tsumori-des" by replacing "des" into "deshta".This shows that an act planned to be done was not carried out actually. EX. Ken-wa Hiromi-ni a-u tsumori-deshta. (=Ken had intended to meet Hiromi.) ・・・But he couldn't meet her. Kyooto ni i-sshuu-kan i-ru tsumori-deshta. (=I had plannd staying in Kyooto for a week.)・・.・But I didn't. (3) The negative form The negative form of "tsumori-des" is "nai tsumori-des".You should conjugate verbs in SECTION 4 EX. Haha-wa ano super de yasai-o ka-wa nai tsumori-des. (=My mother doesn't intend to buy vegtables at that supermarket.) Kaigi-ni de nai tsumori-deshta. (=I had not planned to attend the meeting.)・・・But I attended it. -TO THE TOP 8. RASHII-DES;YOO-DES( SEEM TO;APPEAR TO;IT SEEMS THAT )"Rashii" was used originally in the meaning of certainty,but we use it in a round about expression now. (1) Combination with verbs,adjectives,nouns and postpositions Except verbs,true adjectives and quasi-adjectives,"no" must be suffixed to nouns and postpositions when we combine them with "yoo-des". The ending "no" or "na" of quasi-adjectives drops before "rashii-des". EX. Abe-san-wa hana-ya-o hira-ku rashii-des. - VERB (=It seems that Ms.Abe will open a flower shop.) Ono-san-wa isogashi-i yoo-des. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=Mr.Ono looks to be busy.) Sono daiya-wa honmono rashii-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE Sono daiya-wa honmono-no yoo-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=That diamond appears to be genuine.) Aoki-san-wa koomu-in rashii-des, - NOUN Aoki-san-wa koomu-in-no yoo-des. - NOUN (=Mr.Aoki appears to be a public servant.) Kono tegami-wa Spain kara rashii-des. - POSTPOSITION Kono tegami-wa Spain kara-no yoo-des. - POSTPOSITION (=This letter seems to be from Spain.) (2) The past form We can make the past form of each part of speech for "rashii-des" and "yoo-des" as follows: EX. Abe-san-wa hanaya-o hira-ita rashii-des. or hira-ita yoo-des. (=Ms.Abe seems to have opened a flower shop.) Ono-san-wa isogashi-katta rashii-des. or isogashi-katta yoo-des. (=Mr.Ono seems to have been busy.) Sono daiya-wa honmono datta rashii-des. or honmono datta yoo-des. (=That diamond appears to have been genuin.) Aoki-san-wa koomu-in datta rashii-des. or koomu-in datta yoo-des. (=Mr.Aoki seems to have been a public servant.) Kono tegami-wa Spain kara datta rashii-des. or kara datta yoo-des. (=This letter seems to have been from Spain.) "Datta" is the simple form of "deshta".The word is not polite when it is used at the end of a sentence, EX. Aoki-san-wa koomu-in datta. (=Mr Aoki was a public servant.) Kono tegami-wa Spain kara datta. (=This letter was from Spain.) -TO THE TOP 9. SOO-DES( IT IS SAID THAT；BE SAID TO;PEOPLE SAY )In the combination with quasi-adjectives,nouns and postpositions,we generally use "da" for future and present tense,and "datta" for past tense. "Da" is the simple form of "des" and "datta" is "deshta" as mentiond in the foregoing 8. The ending of quasi-adjectives "no" or "na" must be left out. EX. Oda-san-wa kotoshi kekkon-suru soo-des. - VERB (=People say Mr.Oda will get marr ied this year.) Kono kottoo-hin-wa totemo taka-i soo-des. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=It is said that this antique is very expensive.) Shiken-wa muzukasi-katta soo-des. - TRUE ADJECTIVE (=The exam is said to have been difficult.) Son mise no yasai-wa shinsen da soo-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=The vegetables at the store are said to be fresh.) Kooen no tulip-wa kiree datta soo-des. - QUASI-ADJECTIVE (=People say the tulips in the park were beautiful.) Nakano-san-wa isha da soo-des. - NOUN (=Ms.Nakano is said to be a doctor.) Kono tatemono-wa bijutu-kan datta soo-des. - NOUN (=It is said that this building was an art museum.) Ee-go-no soy-wa Nihon-go-no shooyu kara da soo-des.- POSTPOSITION (=English "soy" is said to be from Japanese "shooyu". Sono wine-wa France kara datta soo-des. - POSTPOSITION (=The wine is said to have been from France.) -TO THE TOP 10. N(O) DES( SHOULD; It is the one which you should...; a polite suffix )"No des" or "n des" has three uses;that is,"should","It is the one which you should..." and "used as a polite suffix". Circumstances and a preceding sentence or clause will tell you which use is appropriate. There is no difference in the meaning between "no des" and "n des".The latter is much easier to pronounce and is often used. (1) How to use EX. Akira-wa kono pasokon-o tsuka-u n(o) des.(=tsuka-e ba-ii-des) (=Akirashoulduse this personal computer.) Kono o-kane-wa denwa-ryookin-o hara-u n(o) des. (=This money is for paying a telephone bill.) (=the money to pay for) Kabuki-o mi ni i-ku n(o) des. (=i-ki-mas) (=I am going to see kabuki theater.) (2) Other uses (a) Polite use The simple form of a verb,which shows future or past tense such as "no-mu" or "no-nda",makes an impolite sentence when it is used at the end of a sentence.To make it polite."n(o) des" is suffixed. EX. Kyoo-no gogo Masao to tennis-o suru n(o) des. (=I will play tennis with Masao this afternoon.) Haha-wa ashta Ginza e kaimono-ni i-ku n(o) des. (=My mother is going shopping at Ginza tomorrow.) Hiromi-wa atarashi-i keetai-denwa-o ka-tta n(o) des. (=Hiromi bought a new cell phone.) Niwa de barbecue-o shta n(o) des. (=We had a barbecue in the garden.) (b) For the auxiliary verbs which end in"adjective + des" For the auxiliary verbs which end in "adjective + des" such as "mo-ii(=good)-des","tai(=desirous)-des","no des"or "n des" is used in the following way.But the meaning can not be changed. EX. Moo-hitotsu ringo-o tabe-te mo-ii-n(o) des. (=You may eat another apple.) Atarashi-i kuruma-o ka-i tai-n(o) des. (=I wish to buy a new car.) Ginza e chikatetsu de i-ku hoo-ga-ii-n(o) des. (=You had better go to Ginza by subway.) (c) For the auxiliary verbs which end in "noun + des". For the auxiliary verbs which end in "noun + des",like"hazu(=expectation)-des" "tsumori(=intention)-des","no des" or "n des" is used as follows.You should notice that the noun parts of those auxiliary verbs must be made into quasi-adjectives,for example,"hazu-no","tsumori-na",to be combined with "n(o) des". EX. Hara-san-wa ryokoo ni i-ki soo-na n(o) des. - SECTION 2 (=Mr.Hara is likely to go on a trip.) Kyoo-no gogo ame-ga fu-ri soo-na n(o) des. - SECTION 2 (=It is likely to rain this afternoon.) Bus-no unchin-wa rai-getsu aga-ru soo-na n(o) des.- SECTION 3 (=Bus fares are said to go up next month.) Abe-san-wa France-go-o hana-su hazu-na n(o) des. (=Ms.Abe ought to speak French.) -TO THE TOP |
||||||||||||||||
